The suffering in Frankenstein is undeserved. How far and in what ways do you agree with the view of Shelleys presentation of suffering free essay sample

‘The Suffering in ‘Frankenstein’ is undeserved’ – How far and in what ways do you agree with the view of Shelley’s presentation of suffering? Frankenstein’s characters suffer in a couple of ways, psychologically such as through loneliness or through emotional pain of the death of close ones, and physical suffering. Shelley herself was an only child, so could have been considered lonely when she was younger, and her mother died, which is obviously a death of a close one. While suffering is deserved by some of the characters as they bring it upon themselves, some of the characters are not deserving of their suffering as it is thrust upon them. The creature’s suffering is, at least initially, the most undeserved. He is brought into the world by Frankenstein and is then left, and becomes lonely. He is also treated badly by people for the way that he looks, which is not something he can help. We will write a custom essay sample on The suffering in Frankenstein is undeserved. How far and in what ways do you agree with the view of Shelleys presentation of suffering? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The creature says â€Å"There was none†¦ who would pity or assist me†¦ I declared ever-lasting war against the species†¦ and against him who had formed me and sent me forth to this insupportable misery†. These are the reasons he gives for changing the way he was – kind and good as society had gone against him. This starts with the destruction of Felix’s house after the creature is beaten for visiting his father. It is here that he takes vengeance, and continues his vengeance elsewhere by killing those close to Frankenstein. As the being takes revenge after being hurt by the De Lacey family, he must have been born good, but society changed him because he had not done anything wrong before this point. This would mean that on one hand, he doesn’t deserve to suffer as he did because it is the fault of society that changed him. However, because he had a moral compass and free will, he should know what he was doing was wrong, and could therefore be deserving of the suffering he endures. He murders, among others, a young boy called William. William did not want to befriend the creature as the creature had wanted him to, and was subsequently killed. We know that the creature has a moral compass after reading books from the De Lacey household, and it would seem that he knew what he was doing was wrong. I believe that the being did not deserve the suffering, however, for the fact that he only became bad because of others. It would mean that if he was born into a better society and treated better by its people, he would not have done what he did. Victor Frankenstein, on the other hand, was deserving of the suffering he endured because a lot of it was his own fault. He keeps his family members at a distance to protect them; however, the protection of his family was probably a cover for wanting to be alone to create the being. He ran away from his own creation, and was egotistical, arrogant, and self-serving. He suffers from illness, the loss of family and friends, and is haunted by the thought of the pursuance of the creature. Frankenstein created â€Å"A new species (that) would bless me as its creator and source†. As you can tell from the quote, the creation was all for selfish reasons and he did not think of the consequences that would occur, leaving the creature, and not looking after him. This led to the creature being lonely, and the suffering caused to Frankenstein was in revenge for this – the creature began killing his family members. Elizabeth in the book is killed, but in the theatre production by Danny Boyle, Elizabeth is raped before being killed, increasing the suffering caused for Frankenstein in the play than compared with the book, and also of course for Elizabeth herself. Also, Frankenstein had gone back on his promise of creating a female being at the request of the creature, which tells you that he treated the creature poorly, showing his deservingness of the suffering he had. His egotistical tendencies can be seen when he refers to Justine – â€Å"The poor victim†¦ felt not as I did, such deep and bitter agony†, showing that he believed his suffering to be worse that the suffering of someone was tried and found guilty of something she had not done. I believe that overall in the book, suffering is undeserved. Frankenstein is the only character that truly deserved to suffer, while the murders of others such as Clerval and Elizabeth were completely undeserved. It could be argued, however, that the reason Frankenstein acted as he did was because he lived in a patriarchal society, where his characteristics were encouraged and were expected. Keeping the being a secret also had a huge impact. Most of the events occurred through the lack of knowledge of the creature to anyone but Frankenstein. For instance, William would not have been allowed to get in a situation with the being to be killed, and if Frankenstein had told the court how Justine was innocent, she would have been found not guilty of this murder.

Free Essays on Congo

Amy: Who said animals can’t talk? This gorilla can. Amy is a female gorilla who is able to speak sign language. She was very humanlike, you could see that through her communication with Peter and they way she acted when with other humans. Karen Ross: She is a smart young woman that works for ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Services). She was the supervisor for the ERTS Congo Project, she knew about the latest technology and how to work it. Peter Elliot: A young male doctor that is in love with gorillas. He taught Amy sign language so she could possibly teach other gorillas. He wanted the best for the gorilla instead of the best for himself (he could of sold the gorilla for a lot of money), so he tried to take her to her home (in the Congo). A group of scientists are taking a journey into the Congo in search of black diamonds, in the lost city of Zinj. While they are communicating with co-workers from ERTS back in the U.S. via a satellite camera, the whole team is attacked and killed by some unknown beings. Earth Resources Technology Services (ERTS) sent out a second team to find the others. Due to the limited opportunities to travel within Africa Karen (the leader of the ERTS team) and Peter Elliot cross paths. Peter had scheduled a trip to take Amy (the talking gorilla) back home to the Congo, the Congo also happened to be the location ERTS’s first expedition team was last seen. Karen’s wealthy corporate sponsored team was only allowed to tag along on this trip because Peter’s team did not have enough money to fund the trip. Both teams happened to be traveling to the same place but for different reasons. Once they reached Zinj, they found that it sat on the top of a great volcano. This was not the only discovery they made however, they also found out what had killed the ERTS’s first team. The killers had been a previously unknown breed of gray haired gorillas. The first night there this new team wa... Free Essays on Congo Free Essays on Congo Amy: Who said animals can’t talk? This gorilla can. Amy is a female gorilla who is able to speak sign language. She was very humanlike, you could see that through her communication with Peter and they way she acted when with other humans. Karen Ross: She is a smart young woman that works for ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Services). She was the supervisor for the ERTS Congo Project, she knew about the latest technology and how to work it. Peter Elliot: A young male doctor that is in love with gorillas. He taught Amy sign language so she could possibly teach other gorillas. He wanted the best for the gorilla instead of the best for himself (he could of sold the gorilla for a lot of money), so he tried to take her to her home (in the Congo). A group of scientists are taking a journey into the Congo in search of black diamonds, in the lost city of Zinj. While they are communicating with co-workers from ERTS back in the U.S. via a satellite camera, the whole team is attacked and killed by some unknown beings. Earth Resources Technology Services (ERTS) sent out a second team to find the others. Due to the limited opportunities to travel within Africa Karen (the leader of the ERTS team) and Peter Elliot cross paths. Peter had scheduled a trip to take Amy (the talking gorilla) back home to the Congo, the Congo also happened to be the location ERTS’s first expedition team was last seen. Karen’s wealthy corporate sponsored team was only allowed to tag along on this trip because Peter’s team did not have enough money to fund the trip. Both teams happened to be traveling to the same place but for different reasons. Once they reached Zinj, they found that it sat on the top of a great volcano. This was not the only discovery they made however, they also found out what had killed the ERTS’s first team. The killers had been a previously unknown breed of gray haired gorillas. The first night there this new team wa...

Montessori mathematics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Montessori mathematics - Essay Example Support for Piagets theory is also expressed in the Montessori emphasis for exploration so children can learn at their pace. At the core of Piagets theory is an assertion that "children construct, or create, logic and number concepts from within rather than learn them by internalization from the environment" (Kamii 2009 citing Piaget 1971, Piaget and Szeminska 1965, Inhelder and Piaget 1964, and Kamii 2000). Piaget distinguished three kinds of knowledge: physical knowledge, social knowledge, and logico-mathematical knowledge (Kamii 1996: 99). Piaget taught that the logico-mathematical knowledge is only partly acquired from objects because, for instance, the similarity between two blocks of different colours is not observable but is deduced by an individual through putting things in relationships with the relationships earlier discovered (Kamii 1996: 100). In other words, for Piaget, individuals or children use a logico-mathematical framework within their minds to acquire knowledge (Kamii 1996: 100). According to Kamii (1996: 100-101), through what Piaget described as logico-mathematical framework, a learn er or student or child acquires knowledge through: Applying Piagets teaching, Kamii concluded that children create their own arithmetic or mathematics in acquiring logico-mathematical knowledge using their ability to think and, thus, the goal of math education is to assist learners or children invent procedures for solving mathematical problems as well as in constructing "a network of numerical relationships" (Kamii 1996, 101). As pointed out by Piaget, mathematical knowledge is different from physical knowledge because the former is not observable while the latter is (Kamii 1996: 102). Following Piaget, Kamii said that "there is no such thing as addition fact" because sums are internalized or constructed from within (1996: 102). In illustrating Piaget thinking, Kamii said

The Sustainability of Seafood Farms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sustainability of Seafood Farms - Essay Example Sustainability pertains to the â€Å"long-term viability of a community, set of social institutions, or societal practice† (Meadowcroft, 2012, p.944). It aims to align the needs and concerns of present and future generations. Sustainability is a framework that asks companies to consider a triple bottom line when planning and executing business strategies and plans. A triple bottom line integrates the effects of business on profits, people, and planet. The concept of sustainability influenced the triple bottom line of seafood farming by compelling the state, people, and firms to safeguard the ocean from unsustainable aquaculture practices that pollute oceans and negatively affect its biodiversity, as well as harm the livelihoods of small fishermen (Weeks, 2007). This essay first discusses the processes of production, distribution, and consumption in fish farms. Production refers to the â€Å"growing† of seafood for mass consumption. It consists of using ocean pens or net s to culture seafood at faster rates than when these sea creatures are in the wild. In the early 1950s, fish farms produced less than 1 million tons of seas foods every year; in 2004, they are raising 60 million tons of finfish, shell fish, and aquatic plants (Weeks, 2007, p.627). Distribution pertains to the movement of seafood goods among producers, sellers, and consumers. At present, the U.S. cannot meet its seafood demand, so it imports seafood from China, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines (Weeks, 2007, p.628). This means that seafood production generally comes from developing countries and distributed for consumption to developed countries. It also supplements its seafood demand through aquaculture, although its output is not enough for American seafood consumers. Consumption is the using up of seafood resources. Because of increasing health concerns, more and more Americans consume fish. From 1998 to 2005, American per capital consumption of fish increased by 30% (Weeks, 2007, p.628). This essay will now explore the advantages and disadvantages seafood farms. The environmental impact of global fish farming on the world’s oceans and aquatic life are largely destructive. Protecting the Oceans is a video that shows widespread abuse of the oceans by jam-packing fishes and other sea creatures into limited fish farm areas. Weeks (2007) described the process of eutrophication in seafood farms. Wastes from seafood farms are discharged to the nearby environment. Algae and plankton feed on these wastes and since wastes are plenty, they exponentially multiply. High populations of algae and plankton dissolve oxygen from water, making it less capable of supporting life (Weeks, 2007, p.631). Eutrophication also damages coral reefs and sea grass beds and diminishes biodiversity (Weeks, 2007, p.631). In addition, even at a local scale, fish farms significantly pollute the waters: â€Å"An average-size salmon farm with 200,000 fish produces as much fecal mat ter as 65,000 people† (Weeks, 2007, p.631). The 2007 report of the Woods Hole Marine Aquaculture Task Force stressed that fish farms produced lesser pollution than other sources, but they could not determine if the ocean can easily absorb its wastes (Weeks, 2007, p.631). The U.S. also lacks guidelines for monitoring and measuring ocean water quality, so it is hard to monitor aquaculture pollution (Weeks, 2007, p.632). In addition, aquaculture can also produce

The Common Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Common Law - Essay Example He meant to convey that what has been formed by the institution of lawmakers is actually an embodiment of the prevailing affair with times across a general culture of the nation in association with legal theories with which people have sought political involvement depending on the relevance and impact lawful matters create upon their lives. Though some degree of sociological approach may be reflected in the overall statement of Justice Holmes, a historical school of jurisprudence substantiates most of its meaning. This Holmes justifies explicating â€Å"The law embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries ... In order to know what it is, we must know what it has been, and what it tends to become.† Believing that law operates as a function of history, Holmes likely proposes that the accounts of any period, especially of the past, are amply significant in the foundation and intended accomplishments of a good and sensible

Nokia Strategic Plan

Nokia Strategic Plan In this project I have covered various topics of marketing which are strategic planning, strategic planning process, the domestic strategic planning while the international strategic planning and also the difference among them. For more clearly understanding this topic I have also briefly discussed the case study of NOKIA. I have deeply studied Nokias strategic planning in India that is what all measures it took to grow and capture the Indian market. For understanding its international strategic planning and the reason for its success by properly implementing its strategic planning globally. Even the PEST, porters five stage model and SWOT of the company also made the concept and analysis more clear. Table of contents (jump to) 1.Introduction: Definition of strategic planning Definition Strategic Planning Process International/global strategy Difference between domestic and global strategy planning 2. Nokia Case Study Domestic strategy 4 Ps Marketing Mix of Nokia Porters 5 Forces Analysis of Nokia SWOT Analysis of Nokia 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendation 5. References Introduction Definition of Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is the process by which it maintain its competitiveness within its work environment by determining where the organization is and where it want to go, and how it wish to get there. In other words examining what all strategies will enable the corporate or association to prosper in the future. This definition applies to the largest profit oriented as well as to the nonprofit organization. Definition Strategic Planning Process: The strategic planning process is a rational approach firms use to achieve strategic competitiveness and earn above- average returns. Thus it is an essential most and foremost step in development of result based accountability system which is defined as the process of addressing the following questions: Where are we? What do we have to work with? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? These are the various steps involved in the strategic planning which has to be achieved or ensured one by one. The first step is to answer where are we? Thats where the company or the organization going to survey or conduct its activity. Then the next step is making themselves clear about on what they have to work thats their product or services. Then future knowing what is their future goal, where they want to reach and lastly planning that how they will achieve their goals. The Strategic Planning Process Mission and Objectives: Mission and objective of the business describes about the companies values and beliefs. They show what is the goal of the business for which it is working. The objective can also be in financial term as well. Environmental Scan: This includes the internal analysis of the firm itself which is done by SWOT analysis of the firm. While the second is analysis of the firms industry which is done by porters five forces model and third is microenvironment analysis which is done through PEST analysis. Strategy formulation: From the above scan the firm will get to know where it stands among the other firm. And then accordingly they have to make their strength into opportunity and also reduce their weakness and threat which can give them competitive advantage. This competitive advantage can be in form of low cost as well as differentiation. Strategy implementation: As and now the strategy is been prepared for the firm, so now its time to implement it. As and when it is implemented then only company can know how much successful is the strategy for the firm. Evaluation and control: The implementation of strategy must be monitored and tested and whatever necessary changes required should be made. Thus this process is done in following steps: Define the parameters that is to be measured Define target values for those parameters Then the performance measurement Compare the results from the targeted result Make necessary changes required in it. International/global strategy: An international strategy is a strategy through which the firm sells its goods and services outside its domestic market. The steps in international strategy are: Identify international opportunities Explore resources and capabilities Use core competences Strategic competitiveness outcome. The international strategy has two basic types: business level, corporate level international strategy. There are three corporate level strategies which are -multidomestic, global and transnational. Global strategy: is the strategy which assumes more standardization of product across country market. Thus global strategy is centralized and controlled by the home office. Difference between domestic and global strategy planning: Domestic strategy is basically defined when the company is been formed while the global strategy is defined when the company enters into the new market. Domestic strategy are the goal or the vision mission through which the company was been formed. While the global strategy are been decided according to the customers need, preference and the countries suitability. Domestic strategy is been fixed and rarely changes while the global strategy changes according to the need of that country. There are chances that the domestic strategy is similarly to global strategy while it can differ also. ( strategic management-ireland.hoskisson.hitt) The major challenges that international managers/marketer faces when strategic planning for the global markets:- The greater geographical dispersion across country border increases the cost of coordination between unit and distribution of product. Trade barrier of the global country also a major challenges for the managers. Even the cultural diversification and other differences by country like (access to raw material and different employee skill levels) greatly complicate the implementation of strategy planning for global market. Differences in consumer needs, wants, and usage patterns for products is also one of the major challenges for the manager during their strategy planning. Some time the religion of the particular country also affects the strategy planning of the company. This is also one the important challenge for the manager to understand. Nokia Case Study Domestic strategy: Vision for future: The main vision as stated on website and an punch line of Nokia Connecting people is now connecting people to what matters whatever that means for each person giving them the power to make the most of every moment, everywhere, any time. Connecting the we is more powerful than just the individual. Thats how Nokia is needed to help make the world a better place for everyone. (http://www.nokia.com) Strategy of company: The Nokia website states on its blog that To do this we will become the leading provider of mobile solutions. Our solutions strategy leverages one of our greatest assets a portfolio of outstanding devices, with unmatched scale and geographic reach. We couple them with smart services, integrated via an intuitive and seamless user experience. We differentiate these solutions offerings based on our in-depth consumer understanding, with a strong focus on social location (people and places). (http://www.nokia.com) Now NOKIA in India: The Indian market is huge and diverse and also undraped. As the rural India is the main unexploited which could be captured. But these rural markets have its own challenges in it. This brought Nokia to India and captures its huge market. Nokias marketing strategy planning in India- MISSION: The mission of NOKIA in INDIA is to provide the customer with the best durable, economical stylish and low cost cell phone with best feature for the common use of customers. MARKETING OBJECTIVES Maintain positive, strong growth every quarter by selling more and more no. of cell phone. Achieve a steady increase in market penetration To maintain its position of Indias no. 1 cell phone producing company. Maintaining its reputation. 4ps of marketing mix: 1. Product: Domestic strategy: Nokia in its domestic strategy had developed many model of cell which been updated time to time. Global strategy: The product Nokia brought for Indian market was more of user friendly and very durable product. As Indian market always demanded more of rough and tough mobiles which could be used and handled by every person. Even one of the main product features for India was that Nokia came out with the cell phone with torch in it. Which was a good strategy to attract the Indian rural market. As after the analysis Nokia came to know that 60percent of Indian population stays in India. And rural India is facing big problem of electricity. Thus this kind of torch in cell phones attracted the rural India So Nokia came with the product which was desirable by the market. 2. Price: Domestic strategy: The prices of mobile phones are comparatively according to the economy of the country. So the call rates in Finland are also comparatively high. But as there are very less competition so price of cell phone is high. Global strategy: The Indian mobile market has an over 170million subscribers making it the most cost effective player in this industry worldwide. More over India has the most lowest call rates and apart from this mobile phone calling from anywhere around the world is just two cents per minute, as in front of China it is four cents. The market is also aiming at immense growth. But so far Nokia is aiming at its Penetration-Led strategy which means having a mobile phone with every single person of the world. They are targeting at retaining their costumser which they have termed as replacement-Led. From a survey its been known that costumers in India tend to change their mobile phones very frequently. And whenever they come to change their phone are willing to pay an extra penny for a new upgraded handset. Thus in this way Nokia have managed to keep their price change as per the demand of its customers In India. 3. Promotion: Domestic strategy: Nokia is already a Finland company. So it is already a famous brand. Thus it does not require much of promotional activities to be done. Global strategy: Nokia made its promotion in various ways to capture Indian market. Among this the main focus was the rural market which was huge. Various film stars were been hired to promote Nokia. Even Nokia sponsored various cultural activities and sports activities and sports teams. 4. Place: Domestic strategy: In its domestic strategy it is already defined the places it has to cover. Which include whole of the country? Global strategy: For Nokia it was very important to keep a strong distribution channel so that the customer gets a product at right time and at a right place. Thus for this Nokia started its website, showrooms, marts and etc. Main strategy: The most foremost strategy for the company was to maintain the No 1 position in India among the cellular companies. This could be achieved if the firm keep on surveying the huge rural as well as the urban market. For the rural India Nokia adopted low cost strategy while for urban it adopted differentiations. Nokia external analysis | Porters 5 Forces Nokia a. Threat of New Entrant: Domestic strategy: there is low threat of new entrant. Because it is the first company of Finland with its big brand name. Global strategy: As Nokia has already built a good brand image in the Indian market. Thus it has a very weak effect of new entrants if any enters the market. Because Nokia has become number 1 as well as most reliable brand in the market now. So it will not be affected by any new players. b. Threat of the Substitutes: Domestic strategy: even in the domestic field there is no proper or exact substitute for Nokia cell phone. Global strategy: As in now there is no direct substitute available for the mobile phones and especially Nokias advanced feature mobile phone. c. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Domestic strategy: the bargaining power of substitute is low. Global strategy: As in now Nokia is been No 1 brand thus it holds a strong position in the market. So bargaining power of supplier is very low. d. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Domestic strategy: the bargaining power of consumer is moderate. When a new model is been manufactured it is thrown in the market. Thus consumer has less influence on it. Global strategy: As in mobile phone market is very price sensitive. Thus in that case the buyers demand and supply pattern matters a lot for the company. As it is been working under the assumptions of the buyers demand. Thus they have a stronger influence. e. Rivalry among Competitors: Domestic strategy: there is less competition. So rivalry among competitor is also low in this case. Global strategy: There is a high competition in this industry. There are many competitors like: Motorola, Samsung, LG and etc. thus it can be a problem for the company in the long run. SWOT analysis of Nokia: Strength: Nokia has the largest selling and distribution network compare to other mobile phone companies. It is backed with high quality HR and IT professional as compare to others. The financial part is very strong as it has much more profitable business. Wide range of product for all class. The re-sell value of its hand set is more compare to any other company. People trust it more compare to others. Weakness: Price offered by the company for few handsets is high. So products are not user friendly. Not concern about the demand of lower class people. Service center are very less and scare. After sales service is not good. Opportunity: It has a great opportunity in this huge. Opportunity to capture the rural Indian market. Most reliable company so people trust it more compare to others. India standard of living is also increases, so people are becoming more and more trend oriented. Threat: New players are entering with new features to attract the customers. Previously other companies were not providing user friendly mobile but now they have started meeting customers need. Conclusion Thus at the last I want to conclude the following points: The domestic strategy should always consist of future oriented goals. They should also have some or few global strategy also. When a firm enters a new market, its global strategy should be such that it should suit to the customers needs and requirement. Nokia case study helped to understand the global strategy. It also helped me to understand the various reasons and strategy Nokia adopted due to which it become no 1 in India. The main and the most important thing which Nokia kept in mind while entering the Indian market was its culture and values. Which any company should take care when it is entering into global market with its global strategy. Recommendation: When firm is going to enter a new market it should first study the global market. Proper analysis of the market should be done. The perception of the customer, their religion, there values all should be studied very well before entering into global market and before preparing global strategy. Thus manager good strategy can make firm earn more profit and vice versa.

An Analysis of Frosts Tree at my Window Essay example -- Tree at my W

  An Analysis of Frost's "Tree at my Window"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The poem "Tree at my Window" was written by Robert Frost, an America poet who was born in 1874 and died in 1963 (DiYanni 624). The narrator in this poem appears to be speaking to the "tree at my window"; then, repeating the phrase in reverse order, he calls it the "window tree," as if to emphasize the location and nearness of the tree. Calling the tree a "window tree," might also suggest that this tree is something he sees through, perhaps to some higher truth, to something beyond the mere physical presence of the tree.    As night approaches, the "sash" or movable portion of the window is lowered, perhaps to prevent the air, cooled from lack of the sun's warmth, from entering the house (Webster 1026). The narrator continues, "But let there never be curtain drawn / Between you and me." Literally, this statement could imply that he does not want a drape to cover the window betwen them. A sense of foreboding arises if one looks at additional definitions. "Curtain" can refer to death and "drawn" can refer to being brought about by inducement or being allured (Webster 280, 346).    The narrator begins the second stanza mentioning a dream that is unclear. He then stops short and continues, seemingly describing the appearance of the tree. Referring to "head lifted out of the ground, / Not all your light tonuges taliking aloud / could be profound." Perhaps the speaker could be describing the vastness of the tree's height and width along with the magnitude of leaves. Comparing tongues to leaves is a possibility because, as the wind rushes through them, it causes a distinct sound. The speaker may even believe that the tree has insight to his feelings (Webster ... ...four, the speaker compares "outer" and "inner" lives.    "Tree at my Window" contains descriptions and comparisons that almost bring an image to one's mind. Perhaps I have been able to relate to this poem because I have often looked out of the window at the trees and mountains in the distance and contemplated some dilemma. Perhaps we could all learn from nature not to be so anxious about things that in the long run run do not really even matter.    Works Cited Cox, James, M. Robert Frost: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962. DiYanni, Robert. Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Thompson, Lawrence. Robert Frost: The Early Years 1874-1915 New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Massachusetts: G&C Merriam, 1977.   

Perioperative nursing

Perioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurse’s decisions during this period of the patient’s institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patient’s advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but al so ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patient’s trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002: 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear  Ã‚   to their patient while providing encouragement and support.Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996: 186).The Nurses’ RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses’ work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 2004:16). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 2005:3).As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct care ; coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry:3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients’ individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position.   Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting; how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care.It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patient’s needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patient’s needs whenever ne cessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurse’s role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980: 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002: 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not equip ped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses’ safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002:306).Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect. Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses’ abilities to ful fill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impedeethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employee’s ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002: 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery; patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001:117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for exampl e, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998:156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital.The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patient’s advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002:309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 1980:2040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 2005:3). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all cases may ne cessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002:309).The nurse’s role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patient’s autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patient’s decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients’ rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996:142). The act of suppressing an individual’s rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patient’s advocate which is her second role.If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations; the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy; they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment; or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002:308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior; institutional responses to such behavior; and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002: 34).When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001:118).Conclusion:As an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring:144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patient’s advocate particularly during the perioperative phase.This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has any problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 1995:18). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patient’s rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002:312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills. Related essay: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B†Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen: Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice: Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy: An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy: An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation: The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research: Nurse-p hysician relationships: Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040. Perioperative nursing Perioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurse’s decisions during this period of the patient’s institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patient’s advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but al so ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patient’s trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002: 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear  Ã‚   to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996: 186).The Nurses’ RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses’ work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 2004:16). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 2005:3). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct ca re; coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry:3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients’ individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position.   Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting; how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patient’s needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patient’s needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurse’s role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980: 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002: 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not eq uipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses’ safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002:306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses’ abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impede  ethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employee’s ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002: 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery; patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001:117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998:156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patient’s advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002:309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 1980:2040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 2005:3). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all case s may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002:309).The nurse’s role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patient’s autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patient’s decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients’ rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996:142). The act of suppressing an individual’s rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patient’s advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations; the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy; they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment; or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002:308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior; institutional responses to such behavior; and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002: 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001:118).Conclusion:As an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring:144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patient’s advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has a ny problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 1995:18). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patient’s rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002:312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen: Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1 996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice: Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy: An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy: An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation: The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research: Nurse-physician relationships: Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040. Perioperative nursing Perioperative nurses take the responsibility of safeguarding the rights of surgical patients before, during and after his surgery. The nurse’s decisions during this period of the patient’s institutionalization are based on universal moral principles. As the patient’s advocate or representative during this crucial period, the nurse ensures the quality and continuity of care that a surgical patient needs.This is simply based on the premise that patients during this period cannot functionally and actively participate, decide and monitor the regimen of care that best suits them particularly during and after sedation. Often, Perioperative nurses are faced with decisions necessary when caring for surgical patients. They are therefore necessarily prepared to recognize that soon ethical dilemmas will occur and the nurse must take appropriate courses of action through responsible nursing decisions. Not only are they expected to make clinical and technical decisions but al so ethically and morally sound decisions suitable for the treatment of their patient.In a daily encounter and exchange with the patient, nurses often have the potential to develop relationships with their patients based on trust. Patient’s trust that nurses will support and follow through with any concerns or issues that have been discussed ((Seifert, 2002: 306). At the same time nurses provide a listening ear  Ã‚   to their patient while providing encouragement and support. Likewise, nurses are provided with the opportunity to learn and gather information essential to the health concerns of their patients including fears and apprehensions. This provides an ample opportunity for nurses to exact information that could be relayed to physicians and other family members pertinent to the regimen of treatment acceptable to the patient. Base on the parameter of therapeutic use of self, nurses are encouraged to maintain a professional and therapeutic relationship between nurses and patients and their family members (Rushton et al, 1996: 186).The Nurses’ RoleWithin the framework of the nursing process, nurses’ work in collaboration with the other health team members in order to achieve desirable patient outcomes (AORN, 2004:16). They are enjoined to use the tools of the nursing process to meet the needs of the patient undergoing invasive procedures. Although much of the practice involves technicalities, the patient is still the main focus of the perioperative nurse rather than on her technical functions. The goal is still to provide care and support for the patient and for their families (Spry, 2005:3). As the perioperative nurse, one is likewise expected to assist the patient and their families in making sound decisions to meet the overall desired outcome of wellness after surgery and a healthy return to normal life. Along the lines of perioperative nursing, care is provided in various settings based on three major aspects of providing direct ca re; coordinating comprehensive care and educating patient and their families (Spry:3).The impact of illness particularly when invasive procedures are due usually limits the patients’ individual autonomy and ability to make decisions, thereby placing the perioperative nurse in a powerful position.   Patients and family members often feel helpless in a health care setting; how much more when a love one is scheduled for operation? The patient is therefore vulnerable at this stage so the role of the nurse as an advocate for the patient is stressed as vital to patient care. It would most likely help the patient and his family t know that the nurse during a perioperative setting and procedure ensure a continuous assessment of care for the patient while in the OR, thereby providing ample assurance that the patient’s needs are being met. The nurse, as a moral agent of the patient, must therefore be ready and be able to act and advocate for the patient’s needs whenever necessary while providing perioperative care.In addition, the nurse’s role includes informing patients of their rights and to ensure that patients are given all the necessary information necessary to make/participate in the decision making and likewise support them in whatever decision they undertake. Although the nurse has a responsibility in safeguarding the patient from the incompetence of other health care professionals her main ethical duty is the prevention of a potential injury to the patient and to third parties (Kohnke, 1980: 2039).Nurses in general and in particular perioperative nurses must act as an advocate for the patient, co-worker, family members and students (Seifert, 2002: 307). By virtue of her relationship with the patient, her obligation is to provide a safe, professional and ethical care particularly during the perioperative phase when the patient and family members are most vulnerable. Likewise, technically, the patient and the family member are not eq uipped to understand the aspect of perioperative invasive procedures which is why the nurse should come as an advocate for the rights of the patient and their families. Thus it is in principle the duty of the nurse to provide patients with ethical care they ought to receive during this particular phase of their treatment.Promoting perioperative nurses’ safetyIt is therefore another vital job of a perioperative nurse to ensure and create an environment that fosters ethical behavior. As a duty to herself, the nurse must engage in a life-long learning experience, maintaining competence, and promoting personal and professional values, supports the establishment and maintenance of an ethical workplace (Seifert, 2002:306). Nurses must be able to establish, maintain, and improve the work environment and maintain an ability to preserve their integrity and moral self respect.Other virtues and excellence of character like loyalty and honesty further promote nurses’ abilities to fulfill moral obligations and cited as exemplary qualities of the moral person to behave in an ethical manner (ANA, Sec.20). The environment strongly influences in the acquisition of virtues and excellence that may support or impede  ethical behavior. Certain policies, procedures and position often help in influencing behavior that can affect the delivery of care. Certain intolerable policies that become inconsistent with a nurse job like mandatory overtime can greatly become an impediment to an employee’s ethical performance.When nurses are exposed under a strong foundation of ethical practice, standards can positively guide in her performance in the surgical setting. Not only will she be able to identify activities and interventions that help her achieve specific patient outcome but also link her actions t ethical behavior. Most set standards are often based on clinical mandates with virtues of wisdom, honesty, loyalty and courage that are the same qualities of the moral person (AORN, 2002: 492). Nurses who are exposed to this professional standard are likely to employ these standards and view them as a normal practice essential to improve unethical and unsafe practices within her responsibility.Providing a therapeutic work setting or enhancing a safe environment will likewise be a concern to all perioperative nurses. Potential hazards, risks, and unsafe conditions abound in the surgical arena where constant distractions, excessive noise, hasty reviews of patient records, and frequent interruptions can produce situations where the likelihood of error increases. It is always right to alert physicians and others within the health team of any unsafe or deteriorating patient condition that can lead to an active error like sending the wrong patient for surgery; patient morbidity and perhaps mortality. An enlightened approach to this error is to replace blame and punishment with learning and improving (Reeder, 2001:117).Facing Ethical DilemmasA nurse, for example, has a statutory duty to report suspected cases of abuse or potential for injury, and this situation may arise when a coworker demonstrates incompetent practice. This is an ethical dilemma facing nurses and it seems that nurses are no closer to a solution of how they can be effective advocates for patients without compromising their working identity or facing conflicts of loyalty (Martin, 1998:156). In essence, the nurse would exercise moral alignment with the patient rather than with the physician or the hospital. The nurse will not do any injustice if she takes on the role as the patient’s advocate in all aspects of health care (Seifert, 2002:309). In truth, all health care providers should function as patient advocates (Kohnke, 1980:2040). In instances such as clarifying consent issues, perioperative nurses may act as advocates in a potential ethical conflict (Spry, 2005:3). It may be that all cases in which nurses advocate involve ethical action, but not all case s may necessarily involve ethical conflict (Seifert, 2002:309).The nurse’s role in perioperative practice has two components which implies supporting the patient’s autonomy or his right to choose freely, regardless of whether the nurse is in agreement with the patient’s decision. One of the fundamental duties of nursing is to promote and defend patients’ rights (Segesten and Fagring, 1996:142). The act of suppressing an individual’s rights serves as the catalyst response of the nurse to act as the patient’s advocate which is her second role. If advocacy implies speaking up for someone, then it is her duty to speak up for the welfare and benefit of the patient. Again, this could be an identifiable problem because not all nurses are comfortable with conflict situations. Others may not recognize any rights violations; the nurse may not have a level of experience or communication skills that will facilitate advocacy; they may not be empowered as related to a restrictive care environment; or they just may not have a level of understanding about advocacy in general (Seifert, 2002:308).During an error occurrence during the perioperative phase communication and interdisciplinary relationships is the common cause coupled with disruptive physician behavior; institutional responses to such behavior; and the effects of such behavior on nurse satisfaction, morale, and retention (Rosenstein, 2002: 34). When errors or mistakes do occur, it is imperative that nurses learn what occurred, identify systems gaps that represent latent conditions that can lead to errors, collectively review the causes of the error, and share lessons learned.(Reeder, 2001 118). Unfair, illegal, or unethical practices challenge the creation of a moral environment thus collaboration, fairness, and respect for patients and all members of the health care team are more likely to support fulfillment of ethical obligations(Reeder, 2001:118).Conclusion:As an ethical practice, the nurse acts in behalf of the patient, the institution and for herself. This creates confusion particularly when the nurse is faced with a dilemma that conflicts between her personal values and professional obligations (Segesten and Fagring:144). Nurses must therefore act in accordance with the practice standards and code of ethics in coordination with her own values. Speaking up in behalf f the perioperative patient suggest that she is favorably acting as the patient’s advocate particularly during the perioperative phase. This should be viewed as her essential role as a professional and should base her actions according to ethical principle and values. She should speak up when an injustice occurs although in some cases, she would face danger for her actions such as loosing her job. Insofar as ethical practice is concern, an individual must be able to choose whether to sacrifice oneself for her patient and follow a principle of justice. Otherwise if a nurse has a ny problems with this, she can choose a field that may not compromise her personal beliefs, values or ethics when challenged.The advocacy training for nurses starts within the confines of the nursing education and working environment for the nurse. The philosophy of nursing in which nursing practice stems from supports an individual to promote his/her well-being which is the ethics f practice (Gaylord, 1995:18). In the nursing school, one must be prepared to identify the ethical issues in patient care and understand the ethical principles and philosophies found in the daily practice and be trained to recognize the patient’s rights, wishes and care issues (Seifert, 2002:312). The knowledge of such ethical principles allows the nurse to stand as an advocate for the patient and speak in his behalf using effective communication skills.Works CitedSpry, Cynthia. (2005). Essentials of Perioperative Nursing (3rd ed.) Aspen: Jones and Barlett.Rushton, C., Armstrong, L., McEnhill, E.(1 996,June).Establishing therapeutic boundaries as patient advocates. Pediatric Nursing 22, 185-189.Seifert, P.C. and American Nurses Association. (2002, August). Ethics in perioperative practice: Duty to self. AORN Journal 76, 306-313.United States. American Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, 20.Segesten, K. and Fagring, A. (1996, October). Patient advocacy: An essential part of quality nursing care. International Nursing Review 43, 142-144.Gaylord,N. and Grace, P.(1995,March). Nursing advocacy: An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics 2, 11-18.Martin, G. (1998, March). Communication breakdown or ideal speech situation: The problem of nurse advocacy. Nursing Ethics 5, 147-157.Rosenstein, A. (2002, June). Original research: Nurse-physician relationships: Impact on nurse satisfaction and retention. American Journal of Nursing 10, 26-34.Reeder, J. (2001,April). Patient Safety, Errors and mistakes, and perioperative Nursing. Seminars in Perioperative Nursing 10, 115-118.Kohnke, M.(1980, November). The nurse as advocate. American Journal of Nursing 80,2038-2040.

ideas essays

Andy Warhol - techniuqes/ideas essays ...The more you look at the exact same thing the more the meaning goes away and the better and emptier you feel... Andy Warhol has been quoted as saying that he was a deeply superficial person. His artworks expressed his love for American Popular Culture and his love for all things commercial. He led an art movement in the 1950s which would last two decades. Pop Art was an exploration of society in the 1950s and 60s and embraced commercialism, mass media and popular icons. Warhol exposed the public to imagery from their daily experience and forced them to become desensitized to these images. Pop art, by nature, was an art form in which it appealed to the masses therefore it took forms that were assessable to all such as advertising. Much Pop Art was transient or temporary so often took the form of a products packaging or in television. Warhol took this approach to his art making using techniques that he had learnt as an advertiser and applied them to his art, or lack of art, as some critics of the day calling it non-art. But looking at Pop Art in hindsight that was an essential characteristic. H aving the ability to turn what was considered not to be art-worthy, such as a box of soap, into a complex snap shot of society. I paint like this because I want to be a machine This statement was a far cry from the philosophies of Jackson Pollock 15 year beforehand. Pollock declared that he wished to be nature; unpredictable, various and full of energy. But unlike Pollock, Warhols artworks were more structural and had an inert qualities and a coldness to them. Warhol was indeed a machine, silk-screening hundreds and hundreds of soup cans, washing powder boxes and images celebrities including Marilyn Monroe, Elvis, Chairman Mao, Muhammad Ali and Mick Jagger. And like a machine, Warhol used the same techniques of mass production and ...

Legalizing Prostitution essays

Legalizing Prostitution essays Wendy slides into a nice pair of slacks, and a long sleeved button down blouse. She carefully applies her make up and curls her hair. She does not portray a prostitute, but instead, a high class businesswoman. She kisses her daughters goodbye and tells them to keep the doors locked. She is a typical woman going to work at night. She walks into one of the more classy hotels and seats herself at an expensive bar. Soon enough, a man comes to her and asks her if she would like to accompany him back to his room. Wendy accepts the offer, and three hours later she comes home with enough money to pay the rent and feed her children for the entire month. She allows the men to come to her. She does not solicit herself. Many prostitutes do not have the patience to wait around, so they work corners and hourly motels. These are the women who give Wendy, and other prostitutes like her, a bad name. Prostitution, in a clean, controlled, environment can be a noble profession, and should therefore be l egalized. Illegal prostitution is unsafe. Many prostitutes who make their money illegally, are addicted to drugs or alcohol, and therefore have little respect for themselves. According to experts in psychology and law, over 84% of illegal prostitutes use drugs. Sharing needles, and having unprotected sex are some habits of drug users. This can be dangerous for other people. If these people are then having sex with others for money, diseases and viruses can easily be passed from one to another. For this reason, there should be more places where prostitution can legally, and safely take place. In Las Vegas, Nevada, there are prostitution houses many miles out of town away from schools, parks, and other public places where prostitution should not be taking place. The women who work in these homes respect themselves, and each other. They are responsible, knowledgeable women. They pay taxes for the money they earn and are providing services to men in a s...

Bussiness essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bussiness - Essay Example Chuodhury & Galeta (1998) provided seven goals for achieving competitive advantage. A great example of a company that has managed to sustain competitive advantage in while using the seven goals framework is Google, the search engine. There are quite a number of search engines to date yet Google has managed to stand out as the best. It successfully managed to hold off at least for a significant amount of time the entry of other search entries into the market. Which is often the quickest way to achieve competitive advantage, ensure uniqueness of a brand and hold off competition long enough to establish and renew a company. 2. Considering that Google was among the first search engines to effectively exist, it has established a reliable customer base which is yet another way to achieve competitive advantage. It has also managed to change appropriately to cater to the customers’ needs and wants. Google has further made an attempt to always offer more services and products like new web applications and recently advertising services. Despite the numerous entries into e-commerce and the numerous entries into similar businesses it is still highly possible for companies to achieve competitive advantage. Creating a unique niche is always the fastest way to do so yet upon the availability of similar fields within a certain niche use of strategy will ensure acquisition of competitive advantage as

Risk management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk management - Coursework Example It is for this reason that many organisations, especially corporate, have embraced the concept of risk management and are consequently developing capabilities to address it. A capable risk management structure is able to provide and maintain an organisation’s internal control and improve corporate governance. The commonwealth of Australia agrees that governance can be improved by managing risks effectively (Australian agency for international development [AusAID], 2005). Development of risk management capability also results in formulation of comprehensive enterprise risk management systems, which has been realised over time, contributes to the achievement of organisational goals (Casualty Actuarial Society [CAS], 2003). However, many organisations face various challenges in developing risk management capability, some of which will be discussed here. Since risks are inherent in all corporations in today’s dynamic world, the management has the mandate to overcome these c hallenges and ensure capable risk management structures are put in place to address organisational risks. Reasons for developing risk management capability Risk management capability is a means of providing internal control. Internal control and risk management are largely symbiotic concepts. ... In the context of ensuring an organisation meets its objectives, effective internal control utilizes risk management to cushions the organisation against external risks as well as protects it against risks generated from within the organisation that, if uncontrolled, would lead to the downfall of the organisation. According to the AusAID (2005), the benefits of risk management are manifold and traverse strategic, operational and technical levels of management. The AusAID (2005) notes that risk management systems inform and communicate the risks that a firm faces to the strategic management thereby enabling it to make effective plans to deal with potential risks and in so doing, avoid the huge expenses associated with tackling risk consequences and ultimately ensure better organisational performance. Similarly, technical operations utilize risk management knowledge to put in place measures to mitigate against risks and therefore activities run smoother and more effectively produce des ired outcomes. The AusAID (2005) further states that the internal control afforded by risk management capability helps the organisation minimize unwanted surprises (risks) by ensuring effective and efficient operations, proper financial accountability and reporting, and compliance with laws and regulations. This review therefore shows that risk management is crucial in the attainment of internal control’s goals. The continued existence of an organisation demands that it balances its external and internal environments. Gupta (2009) explains that the external environment comprises of entities that can affect the operations of an organisation yet are not